Python is one of the most popular programming languages used for web development, data science, automation, artificial intelligence, and software development. Its simple syntax and powerful features make it a preferred choice for both beginners and professional developers.
Due to its growing demand, many companies hire Python developers for technical roles. To perform well in interviews, candidates should have a strong understanding of Python concepts and programming logic.
Practicing interview questions on Python programming is one of the best ways to improve confidence and strengthen your coding abilities. It also helps you become familiar with the questions commonly asked by recruiters and hiring managers.
In this blog, we have compiled important Python interview questions and answers for freshers and experienced candidates. These questions will help you improve your knowledge and prepare confidently for interviews.
Introduction to Python Programming Language
The Python programming language was developed and introduced by Guido van Rossum on 20 February 1991. It is one of the most used languages because of its applications in modern technologies like Data Science, Machine Learning, and Artificial Intelligence (AI).
It is a free-to-use and open-source language with an easy syntax. Also, Python is a general-purpose language based on the concept of object-oriented programming (OOP).
Python is a dynamic type of language with the feature of portability that has extensive support for libraries.
What is the Scope of Python Programming?
Python is considered the best option for developing games and programs efficiently. With support for multiple programs, Python is the preferred choice for all future technologies such as AI, ML, and data science.
It also has broad community support and has way better code readability. The Python developer interview questions mentioned in this comprehensive write-up will challenge your knowledge and improve your arsenal, which will land you in a great pool of opportunities.
Python has a very good future scope in various sectors:
- Desktop GUI application
- Console-based applications
- Game development
- Software development
- Audio and video applications
- Image processing applications
- Internet of Things
- Machine learning
- Artificial intelligence
Things to Know While Preparing for Python Interview Questions and Answers
Before attending a Python interview, make sure you understand core concepts such as data types, functions, object-oriented programming, exception handling, file handling, and data structures. Strong fundamentals will help you answer both theoretical and coding-based interview questions for Python with confidence.
You should also stay updated with technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), and Data Science. Interviewers may ask questions related to these areas to assess your technical knowledge and problem-solving abilities.
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Basic Python Interview Questions for Freshers With Answers
If you are a fresher preparing for a Python developer interview, it is important to understand the most commonly asked Python concepts and programming fundamentals.
The following Python interview questions for freshers will help you test your knowledge, strengthen your skills, and improve your chances of clearing the interview successfully.
1. What is Python?
Python is a high-level, general-purpose programming language that supports object-oriented programming. It is easy to learn, readable, and can run on different operating systems such as Windows, macOS, and Linux. Python is widely used in web development, automation, data science, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), and software development.
2. Python was developed in which year?
It was developed in 1991.
3. What are the primary uses of Python?
Python is a versatile programming language used in many fields due to its simplicity and powerful libraries. Some of its primary uses include:
- Data Analysis and Data Science
- Web Development
- Software and Application Development
- Software Testing
- Automation and Scripting
- Artificial Intelligence (AI)
- Machine Learning (ML)
- Game Development
- Desktop GUI Applications
- Blockchain Development
- Image Processing and Graphics Applications
- Operating System Development
- Prototyping and Rapid Application Development
Python's flexibility makes it one of the most widely used programming languages across industries.
4. Who uses Python?
Python is used by many leading technology companies and organizations around the world. Popular companies such as IBM, NASA, Pixar, Meta Platforms, Spotify, Intel, YouTube, Instagram, Pinterest, and Reddit use Python for tasks such as web development, automation, data analysis, artificial intelligence, and machine learning. Its simplicity and extensive library support make it a popular choice across industries.
5. What are the benefits of using Python?
This is a common Python question for interview rounds. Python offers several advantages that make it one of the most widely used programming languages:
- Easy to read and write
- Interpreted language
- Vast library functions
- Portable across various operating systems
- Efficiency
- Presence of third-party modules
- Various data analysis tools.
- Object-oriented programming base
- Open-source library
- Rich frameworks
- Testing instruments
6. How do you write a program in Python?
To write a Python program, you first need to install Python and an IDE such as PyCharm, VS Code, or IDLE. Then follow these steps:
- Open the IDE and create a new project.
- Choose a location to save the project files.
- Create a new Python file (.py).
- Give the file a name.
- Write your Python code.
- Run the program using the Run option or the terminal.
- View the output in the console or output window.
Example:
print("Hello, World!")Output:
Hello, World!7. Where to run Python code?
Python code can be run in any environment that has a Python interpreter installed. You can write and execute Python programs using IDEs and code editors such as PyCharm, VS Code, IDLE, Jupyter Notebook, and Spyder. Python code can also be run directly from the command line or terminal. These tools provide features like code editing, debugging, and program execution.
8. What is a function in Python? Give an example.
A function in Python is a reusable block of code that performs a specific task when it is called. Functions help make programs more organized, readable, and easier to maintain. They can accept input values called parameters and can also return a result.
Example:
def add(a, b):
return a + b
result = add(10, 20)
print(result)Output:
30In this example, the add() function takes two parameters, a and b, adds them, and returns the result.
9. How many functions are there in Python?
Python functions are generally classified into three types:
1. Built-in Functions
These functions are predefined in Python and can be used directly without creating them.
Examples:
- print()
- len()
- sum()
- sorted()
- max()
- dir()
2. User-defined Functions
These functions are created by programmers to perform specific tasks. They are defined using the def keyword.
Example:
def add_numbers(a, b):
return a + b3. Anonymous (Lambda) Functions
These are functions without a name and are created using the lambda keyword. They are typically used for short, simple operations.
Example:
square = lambda x: x * x
print(square(5))Python provides built-in functions for common tasks, while user-defined and lambda functions allow developers to create custom functionality as needed.
10. Where is a Python function defined?
A function in Python is defined using the def keyword, followed by the function name and parentheses (). Parameters can be specified inside the parentheses if required. The code block that performs the function's task is written below the function definition using proper indentation. Functions help organize code and make it reusable.
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11. Is Python code compiled or interpreted?
Python is an interpreted language, meaning its code is executed line by line by the Python interpreter. However, before execution, Python first compiles the source code into bytecode (.pyc), which is then interpreted by the Python Virtual Machine (PVM). Therefore, Python uses both compilation and interpretation, but it is generally referred to as an interpreted language.
12. What is a dynamically typed language?
A dynamically typed language is a language in which variable types are checked during program execution rather than before execution. In Python, you do not need to declare a variable's data type explicitly because the interpreter determines it automatically.
The same variable can store different types of values at different times in a program. Python, JavaScript, PHP, and Lisp are examples of dynamically typed languages.
13. What are Python literals?
Python literals are fixed values that are directly written in the source code and assigned to variables or constants. They represent constant data values used in a program.
Python supports different types of literals, including numeric literals, string literals, boolean literals, and special literals such as None. These literals provide a simple way to represent data within a program.
14. What is an interpreted language?
An interpreted language is a programming language in which code is executed directly by an interpreter rather than being fully converted into machine code before execution. The interpreter reads and executes the code line by line at runtime.
Interpreted languages are generally slower than compiled languages because translation happens during execution. Python, JavaScript, and Perl are common examples of interpreted languages.
15. What is Python virtualenv?
Python virtualenv (Virtual Environment) is a tool used to create an isolated Python environment for a project. It allows developers to install specific libraries and dependencies without affecting other Python projects on the same system.
With virtualenv, each project can have its own Python interpreter, packages, and settings. This makes it easier to manage multiple projects with different dependency requirements and avoids conflicts between installed packages.
16. What do you think of the future of Python?
Python has a bright future due to its simplicity, versatility, and strong community support. It is one of the most widely used programming languages and continues to grow in popularity across various industries.
The increasing adoption of technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), Data Science, Automation, and Web Development is creating more demand for Python developers. Since Python is a preferred language for many modern technologies, its future offers excellent career opportunities and continued growth.
17. How do you reverse a list in Python?
This is one of the commonly asked questions for Python interview preparation.
A list in Python can be reversed using the reverse() method, which changes the order of elements in the original list.
Syntax:
list.reverse()You can also use slicing ([::-1]) to create a reversed copy of a list.
Note: The correct method name is reverse(), not reserve().
18. What is the role of map() function in Python?
The map() function in Python is used to apply a specified function to each item of an iterable, such as a list or tuple. It processes and transforms the elements without the need to write an explicit for loop.
The map() function returns an iterator containing the transformed values, making it a concise and efficient way to perform operations on collections of data.
19. What is a Try block in Python?
A try block in Python is a block of code preceded by the try keyword. It is used to handle exceptions and errors that may occur during program execution.
If an error occurs inside the try block, Python transfers control to the corresponding except block, preventing the program from terminating unexpectedly. This helps make programs more robust and reliable.
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20. What is the shortest method to open a text file and display its content?
The shortest and recommended way to open a text file and display its content in Python is by using the with statement. It automatically closes the file after use, making file handling simpler and safer.
Example:
with open("file.txt", "r") as file:
print(file.read())This method opens the file, reads its contents, and displays them without requiring an explicit close() call.
21. Can you write a Python program to add two integers that are greater than zero without using the plus operator?
Yes. Two integers can be added without using the + operator by using bitwise operators such as AND (&) and XOR (^) to calculate the sum and carry values.
22. What will be the output of this program? A[2]=[1,3,4,5,8,9,11,56]
The indexing starts from zero, and the element at the second index is 4. The output will be 4.
23. What is a Python dictionary?
A dictionary in Python is a collection of key-value pairs enclosed in curly braces {}. Each key is associated with a value, allowing data to be stored and retrieved efficiently using the key.
Dictionaries are mutable, meaning their contents can be modified after creation. They are commonly used to store and organize related data in a structured format.
Example:
student = {
"name": "John",
"age": 20
}
print(student["name"])Output:
John
24. Differentiate between new and override modifiers in Python.
If there are two methods with the exact same name to perform different tasks and provide different functionality, the concept of overriding is used.
The new modifiers hide the original method, which provides different functionality. The original method can also be accessed by the base class.
25. What is pass in Python?
The pass statement in Python is a null statement that acts as a placeholder for future code. It is used when a statement is syntactically required, but no action needs to be performed.
The pass statement can be used in functions, classes, loops, and conditional statements to avoid syntax errors while leaving the implementation for later. When executed, it performs no operation.
Example:
def my_function():
passIn this example, the function is defined but contains no code, so pass is used as a placeholder.
26. What is recursion in Python?
Recursion is a programming technique in which a function calls itself to solve a problem. It is commonly used to break complex problems into smaller and simpler subproblems.
A recursive function consists of two parts:
- Base Case: The condition that stops the recursion.
- Recursive Case: The part where the function calls itself.
Example:
def factorial(n):
if n == 1: # Base case
return 1
return n * factorial(n - 1) # Recursive case
print(factorial(5))Output:
120In this example, the function repeatedly calls itself until the base case is reached.
27. What are the basic applications of Python?
This is one of the common interview questions in Python programming that tests your understanding of Python's practical uses.
The basic applications of Python include:
- Web development and web framework applications
- Image processing applications
- GUI-based desktop applications
- Prototyping and rapid application development
- Game development
- Data processing and analysis
28. Tell me the names of some Python built-in modules?
- os module
- random module
- sys module
- json module
- math module
- collections module
29. How does closure occur in Python?
A closure occurs in Python when a nested function remembers and accesses variables from its enclosing function even after the outer function has finished executing.
Closures allow the inner function to retain the values of variables defined in the enclosing scope, making them useful for data encapsulation and function factories.
30. Tell me something about SciPy.
SciPy is an open-source Python library used for scientific and technical computing. It provides advanced functions for linear algebra, optimization, statistics, integration, signal processing, and other numerical computations.
31. What is the enumerate() function in Python?
enumerate() is a built-in Python function used to iterate through a sequence while keeping track of both the index and the element. It takes a collection such as a list, tuple, or string and returns it as an enumerate object containing index-value pairs.
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32. How does Python do Compile-time and Run-time code checking?
Python performs compile-time checking by converting source code into bytecode and detecting syntax errors before execution. Run-time checking occurs while the program is running, where Python checks for exceptions, type-related issues, and other execution errors.
This combination helps identify errors both before and during program execution.
33. What are the common built-in data types in Python?
- Binary type
- Boolean type
- Set type
- Mapping type
- Sequence type
- Numeric types
- Text type
34. What is the basic difference between .py and .pyc files?
.py files have the source code of a program, while the .pyc files have the bytecode of a Python program. Python compiles the .py files and saves them as .pyc files.
35. What are comments in Python? What are different types of comments?
Comments are explanatory notes written within Python code to improve readability and understanding. They are ignored by the Python interpreter and are commonly used to describe code, provide documentation, and assist in debugging and maintenance.
Python supports two types of comments:
- Single-line comments (#)
- Multi-line comments (using triple quotes ''' or """)
36. What are global, private, and protected attributes in Python?
- Global attributes (variables) are defined outside functions and can be accessed throughout the program. The global keyword is used when modifying a global variable inside a function.
- Private attributes are prefixed with double underscores (__) and are intended to be accessed only within the class. Direct access from outside the class is restricted.
- Protected attributes are prefixed with a single underscore (_). They are intended for internal use within the class and its subclasses, but they can still be accessed from outside the class.
37. How to remove duplicate elements from a list in Python?
Duplicate elements can be removed from a list by converting the list into a set using the set() function. Since sets do not allow duplicate values, all repeated elements are automatically removed.
After removing duplicates, the set can be converted back into a list using the list() function if needed.
38. What is Python Tkinter?
Tkinter is Python's standard library for Graphical User Interface (GUI) development. It provides tools and widgets for creating desktop applications with elements such as buttons, labels, text boxes, menus, and windows.
Tkinter also supports customization features like colors, fonts, layouts, and dimensions, making it useful for building interactive GUI applications.
39. What is Pyramid in Python?
Pyramid is an open-source Python web framework used for building web applications. It is flexible, lightweight, and scalable, allowing developers to create both small applications and large enterprise-level projects with ease.
40. Is tuple comprehension possible in Python?
No, Python does not support tuple comprehensions. When parentheses are used with a comprehension expression, Python creates a generator expression instead of a tuple. To create a tuple from a comprehension, you must pass the generator expression to the tuple() function.
Example:
t = tuple(x * 2 for x in range(5))This creates a tuple, but the expression inside the parentheses is a generator, not a tuple comprehension.
41. What is the work of # in Python?
The # symbol is used to create a single-line comment in Python. Everything written after # on the same line is treated as a comment and is ignored by the Python interpreter during execution.
Comments are commonly used to explain code, add notes, and improve readability.
42. What is the minimum and maximum length of an identifier in Python?
Identifiers can be of any length. There are no limitations on length in Python.
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43. What are modules and packages in Python?
A package holds sub-packages and modules, and the file __init__.py is used in the package for holding user-interpreted codes.
A module is a file that has Python code. It also modifies the code to get executed in run time. It consists of the unit namespace, which also has extracted variables.
The modules prevent collision between global variable names, and packages do the same between module names. The packages are also reusable, and that is why they are preferred.
44. What is Scope in Python?
Scope in Python refers to the region of a program where a variable can be accessed or used. It determines the visibility and lifetime of variables within functions, classes, and modules.
Python mainly has local scope, global scope, enclosing scope, and built-in scope, which define where variables can be referenced in a program.
45. What is the difference between a list and a set in Python?
A list is an ordered collection that allows duplicate elements and supports indexing. A set is an unordered collection that stores only unique elements and does not support indexing.
Key differences:
- List: Ordered and allows duplicates.
- Set: Unordered and removes duplicate values automatically.
- List: Uses square brackets [].
- Set: Uses curly braces {}.
Example:
my_list = [1, 2, 2, 3]
my_set = {1, 2, 2, 3}
print(my_list) # [1, 2, 2, 3]
print(my_set) # {1, 2, 3}In this example, the list keeps duplicate values, while the set stores only unique elements.
46. What is the use of the input() function in Python?
The input() function is used to accept user input from the keyboard during program execution. It reads the entered value and returns it as a string by default.
47. What is type casting in Python?
Type casting in Python is the process of converting a value from one data type to another, such as converting a string to an integer or a float to an integer. Common type casting functions include int(), float(), str(), and bool().
48. How would you end a block in Python?
I will use a colon (:), which is used to represent the end of a block in Python.
Python Interview Questions for Experienced (2 to 4 Years)
These Python advanced interview questions are designed for developers with 2 to 4 years of experience. They cover advanced Python concepts, coding skills, and real-world development scenarios commonly asked in interviews.
Along with technical expertise, interviewers often test core Python fundamentals. The following questions will help you evaluate your knowledge and prepare confidently for experienced-level Python interviews.
1. Which is the best Python code checker?
Several Python code checkers are available to analyze code quality, formatting, and coding standards. Some of the most popular Python code checkers are:
- Pylint
- Flake8
- Black
- pycodestyle
- autopep8
Among these, Pylint and Flake8 are widely used for code analysis, while Black is popular for automatic code formatting.
2. Where to write Python code in Windows?
Python code can be written and executed using an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) or code editor such as PyCharm, VS Code, IDLE, or Jupyter Notebook. You can also write and run Python commands directly from the Command Prompt (CMD) or PowerShell after installing Python on Windows.
3. Does Python have a switch-case statement?
No, Python does not have a traditional switch-case statement like some other programming languages. Instead, conditional branching is typically implemented using if-elif-else statements.
Starting with Python 3.10, Python introduced the match-case statement, which provides functionality similar to a switch-case statement.
4. Are methods and constructors the same thing?
No, methods and constructors are not the same. A constructor is a special method that is automatically called when an object is created and is used to initialize the object's attributes. In Python, the constructor is defined using the __init__() method.
A method is a function defined inside a class that performs a specific task and is called explicitly on an object.
5. What is the purpose of the bytes() function?
The bytes() function in Python is used to create an immutable bytes object from a given source such as a string, iterable, or integer. It can also be used to create an empty bytes object or a bytes object of a specified size, making it useful for handling binary data.
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6. When would you use a while loop instead of a for loop?
A while loop is preferred when the number of iterations is not known in advance and the loop should continue until a specific condition becomes false.
Common situations where a while loop is used include:
- Reading data from a file until the end is reached.
- Using a non-standard or variable increment/decrement value.
- Continuously asking for user input until a valid response is entered.
In such cases, a while loop provides greater flexibility than a for loop.
7. What is the common difference between xrange and range in Python?
The range() function returns a list of integers, while xrange() returns an xrange object. A range() keeps the entire list of elements in memory, whereas xrange() generates one element at a time.
Arithmetic operations can be performed with the help of range(), which is not possible with xrange(). Also, xrange() is not supported in Python 3.
8. What is the use of help() and dir() functions?
The help() function is used to display documentation and information about modules, functions, classes, and objects in Python. It helps users understand how a particular object works.
The dir() function is used to list the attributes and methods of an object, module, or class. It helps users explore the available functionality of Python objects.
9. What data type would you use if you want to store the first and last names of a cricket team?
I would use a dictionary in Python to store the first and last names as key-value pairs.
10. What are pickling and unpickling in Python?
Pickling is a process in Python by which the object structure is serialized. An object is changed into a byte stream in pickling.
Unpickling is a process in Python by which the original objects are retrieved from strings. It changes the byte stream into an object.
11. What is monkey patching in Python?
Monkey patching in Python is the technique of dynamically modifying or extending a class, module, or object at runtime without changing its original source code. It is commonly used to add, replace, or customize functionality during program execution.
12. What is *args?
It is a special syntax that is used in the function definition to pass variable arguments. The * symbol is used for variable-length arguments.
13. What is **kwargs?
It is a dictionary of the variable names and values. It is a special syntax used in the function definition to pass variable length arguments.
14. What modules are used in Python for sending emails?
Python provides the smtplib module for sending emails using the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). The email module is commonly used along with smtplib to create and format email messages, attachments, and headers.
15. What is GIL?
GIL (Global Interpreter Lock) is a mechanism in Python that allows only one thread to execute Python bytecode at a time within a process. It helps manage memory safely and simplifies interpreter implementation, but it can limit the performance of multi-threaded CPU-bound programs.
16. Tell me about metaclass and where it is used?
A metaclass is a class for a class in Python. It defines how classes are created and can specify behaviors that are common across multiple classes. Metaclasses are used to customize class creation, enforce coding rules, and automatically modify class attributes or methods.
One of the most commonly used metaclasses is ABCMeta, which is used to create abstract base classes in Python.
17. You need to add elements in a Python program; would you rather use the append() or extend() function?
I will use the append() function for adding elements in Python. The extend() function in Python is used to concatenate lists.
18. I wrote a Python code on Windows and want to use the same code on Mac. Can I do that without making any changes to the code?
Yes, you can do that. If you have a Python environment on the Mac, you can run the same code. You can also use the same code on various other target platforms, including Linux.
19. Tell me about the use of self in Python?
The self keyword in Python refers to the current instance of a class. It is used to access the instance variables and methods of the object within a class.
self is passed as the first parameter to instance methods and helps distinguish instance attributes from local variables.
20. What is __init__ in Python?
The __init__ in Python is used to initialize attributes of an object and used within the class. It is a reserved method in Python that works on an object-oriented approach. It is called each and every time an object is created from classes.
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21. What is the lambda function in Python?
A lambda function is a small anonymous function in Python that is defined using the lambda keyword. It can take any number of arguments but can contain only a single expression.
Lambda functions are commonly used for short, simple operations and are often passed as arguments to functions such as map(), filter(), and sorted().
22. What is docstring in Python?
A docstring (documentation string) is a string literal used to document a module, class, function, or method in Python. It is written inside triple quotes (""" """ or ''' ''') and describes the purpose, behavior, parameters, or usage of the code.
Docstrings help improve code readability and can be accessed using the __doc__ attribute or the help() function.
23. Explain how you can make a Python Script executable on Unix?
To make the Python script executable on UNIX, the user should put #!/usr/bin/env in the first line of the Python project. After that, execution permission is added using chmod. After this, execute the script from the command line.
24. How is memory managed in Python?
First of all, the memory allocator ensures the storage in the operating system; after checking the memory, the memory manager in Python delegates the required memory to object-specific allocators.
Memory allocation in Python involves segmentation, sharing, preallocation, and caching. The interpreter performs the Python heap and manipulates object pointers to memory blocks. Later, the heap space is allocated by the memory manager with the help of the Python API function.
25. How can you concatenate two tuples in Python?
Two tuples in Python can be concatenated using the + operator. This operator combines the elements of both tuples and creates a new tuple containing all the elements.
Example:
tuple1 = (1, 2, 3)
tuple2 = (4, 5, 6)
result = tuple1 + tuple2
print(result)Output:
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)The original tuples remain unchanged, and a new concatenated tuple is returned.
26. What is middleware?
Middleware is a Python class in the Django framework that processes requests and responses during the request-response lifecycle.
27. Why do we prefer Django for security purposes?
Django is preferred for security because it provides built-in protection against common web vulnerabilities such as SQL injection, Cross-Site Scripting (XSS), Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF), and clickjacking. These security features help developers build secure web applications with less effort.
28. Tell me about the timer method in Python.
The Timer method in Python is provided by the threading module and is used to execute a function after a specified time interval. It runs the function in a separate thread after the delay has elapsed.
This method is commonly used for scheduling tasks, delayed execution, and background operations.
29. What is the difference between the remove() function and del statement?
The remove() method is a built-in list method, whereas del is a Python keyword. Both are used to delete elements from a list, but they work differently.
The remove() method deletes the first occurrence of a specified value from the list. In contrast, the del statement removes an element using its index or can delete an entire list.
30. How to remove whitespaces from any particular string in Python?
The strip() method is an in-built function that is used to remove whitespace in Python. It trims a string by removing the whitespaces in the program.
If only the trailing or leading part of the program needs to be removed, istrip() and rstrip() functions are used.
31. What is a negative index in Python, and why are they used?
A negative index in Python allows elements to be accessed from the end of a sequence such as a list, tuple, or string. The index -1 refers to the last element, -2 to the second-last element, and so on.
Negative indexing is useful when you need to access elements from the end without knowing the sequence length.
32. What are lists and tuples in Python? What is the key difference between these two?
Lists and tuples are Python data structures used to store collections of items. A list is created using square brackets [], while a tuple is created using parentheses ().
The key difference is that lists are mutable, meaning their elements can be modified after creation, whereas tuples are immutable, meaning their elements cannot be changed once created.
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33. Which function is used for converting a list to a string?
The join() method is used to convert a list of strings into a single string. It joins all the elements of the list using a specified separator and returns the resulting string.
Example:
words = ["Python", "is", "awesome"]
result = " ".join(words)
print(result)Output:
Python is awesome34. What are / and // operators in Python?
- The / operator is the division operator and returns the quotient as a floating-point value.
- The // operator is the floor division operator and returns the quotient rounded down to the nearest whole number. It removes the decimal part and returns only the integer value.
Example:
10 / 3 # 3.3333333333333335
10 // 3 # 335. What are pandas in Python?
Pandas is an open-source Python library used for data analysis and data manipulation. It provides powerful data structures such as Series and DataFrame for working with structured data efficiently.
Pandas is widely used for data cleaning, filtering, transformation, analysis, and handling large datasets.
36. How is an empty class created in Python?
An empty class in Python is created using the class keyword and the pass statement. The pass statement acts as a placeholder and allows the class to be defined without any attributes or methods.
37. Tell me the difference between Django and Flask.
Django is a full-featured Python web framework that includes built-in tools for authentication, database management, security, and administration. Flask is a lightweight micro-framework that provides basic web development features and allows developers to add components as needed.
Django is suitable for large and complex applications, while Flask is ideal for small projects and applications requiring greater flexibility.
38. How to generate random numbers in Python?
Python provides the random module to generate random numbers. The random() function returns a random floating-point number between 0.0 and 1.0.
Example:
import random
print(random.random())Other commonly used functions for generating random numbers include:
- randint(a, b) – Returns a random integer between a and b.
- randrange(start, stop) – Returns a random number from a specified range.
- uniform(a, b) – Returns a random floating-point number between a and b.
- normalvariate(mu, sigma) – Returns a random number from a normal distribution.
These functions make it easy to generate different types of random values in Python.
39. Explain PYTHONPATH?
PYTHONPATH is an environment variable in Python that specifies additional directories where the Python interpreter searches for modules and packages. It extends the default module search path and allows Python to locate custom libraries that are not installed in the standard locations.
Using PYTHONPATH helps organize projects and makes custom modules available for import across different Python programs.
40. Are Python lists better than NumPy? If yes, then how?
No, Python lists are generally not better than NumPy arrays for numerical computations. NumPy arrays use less memory, provide faster processing, and support efficient mathematical and vectorized operations. For large datasets and scientific computing tasks, NumPy arrays are usually preferred over Python lists.
41. Why do we use the finalize method in Python?
The finalize method is used for freeing up the resources that are unmanaged. It is very helpful in memory management tasks and clean-up before the implementation of the garbage collection method.
42. What is groupby() in Pandas?
The groupby() function in Pandas is used to group data based on one or more columns and perform operations such as aggregation, filtering, and transformation on each group. It helps summarize and analyze large datasets efficiently.
Common operations used with groupby() include sum(), count(), mean(), min(), and max().
43. Does the assignment operator copy objects? If not, then how will you copy an object in Python?
The assignment operator does not copy objects, but it makes a binding between the target and the existing object. Copying the module is necessary for creating a copy of any object in Python. It can be done in two ways— shallow copy and deep copy.
44. Explain shallow copy and deep copy.
Shallow Copy
A shallow copy creates a new object but stores references to the nested objects of the original object. As a result, changes made to mutable nested objects are reflected in both copies. Shallow copying is faster and uses less memory.
Deep Copy
A deep copy creates a new object and recursively copies all nested objects. The copied object is completely independent of the original object, so changes made to one do not affect the other. Deep copying is slower but provides full data isolation.
45. If do while loop doesn't end with a semicolon, will it still work?
No. In languages such as C, C++, and Java, a do-while loop must end with a semicolon (;) after the while condition. Omitting the semicolon results in a syntax error and the code will not compile.
Example:
do {
printf("Hello");
} while (condition);Note: Python does not have a built-in do-while loop.
46. What is the len() function in Python?
The len() function in Python is used to determine the number of items in an object. It returns the length of sequences such as strings, lists, tuples, dictionaries, and other iterable objects.
For example, len("Python") returns 6, while len([1, 2, 3]) returns 3.
47. What is the full form of SVM, and where is it used?
SVM stands for Support Vector Machine. It is a supervised machine learning algorithm used for classification and regression tasks. SVM is commonly used in image recognition, text classification, spam detection, handwriting recognition, and other pattern recognition applications.
48. What is the difference between break, continue, and pass in Python?
- break: Immediately terminates the loop and transfers control to the statement following the loop.
- continue: Skips the current iteration and moves to the next iteration of the loop.
- pass: Does nothing and acts as a placeholder where a statement is syntactically required.
These statements are commonly used to control the flow of loops and program execution in Python.
49. What is the difference between local variables and global variables in Python?
| Feature | Local Variable | Global Variable |
| Definition | Declared inside a function | Declared outside all functions |
| Scope | Accessible only within the function where it is defined | Accessible throughout the program |
| Lifetime | Exists only during function execution | Exists until the program terminates |
| Accessibility | Cannot be accessed directly outside the function | Can be accessed from any function in the program |
| Modification | Modified directly within the function | Requires the global keyword to modify inside a function |
| Usage | Used for temporary, function-specific data | Used for data shared across multiple functions |
50. What are list comprehensions in Python?
List comprehensions provide a concise way to create lists in Python using a single line of code. They allow you to generate a new list by applying an expression to each item in an iterable, optionally including a condition.
Syntax:
[expression for item in iterable if condition]Example:
squares = [x * x for x in range(5)]
print(squares)Output:
[0, 1, 4, 9, 16]List comprehensions make code shorter, more readable, and often more efficient than using traditional for loops.
Related Reading: C Programming Interview Questions and Answers
Advanced Python Interview Questions and Answers (for 5+ Years Experience)
These advanced Python interview questions are designed for professionals with 5+ years of experience. They focus on advanced concepts, performance optimization, design patterns, and real-world problem-solving skills.
The following questions are commonly asked in senior-level Python interviews and will help you assess your expertise and prepare effectively for technical discussions and coding rounds.
1. Which is the best Python code to Java code converter?
There is no perfect tool that can automatically convert all Python code to Java. However, tools such as Jython, Py2J, and various online code converters can help convert Python code into Java-like code.
In practice, manual conversion is often preferred because Python and Java have different syntax, libraries, and programming paradigms.
2. What are some Python code best practices?
Here are some of the best Python code practices that a developer should follow:
- Creating a code repository for Python and implementing version control
- Creating readable documentation
- Following style guidelines in Python
- Fixing broken codes instantly
- Using virtual environments
- Using Python package indexes
- Writing easy and readable codes
- Using the correct data structures
- Using codes that are object-oriented
3. In Python 3 and later, what is the use of a nonlocal statement?
The nonlocal statement is used to refer to and modify a variable defined in the nearest enclosing function scope. It allows a nested function to update a variable from its outer function without making it a global variable.
The nonlocal keyword was introduced in Python 3 to provide better control over variables in nested functions.
4. If you installed a module with pip, but it doesn’t import in your IDLE, what are the possible reasons?
A module installed with pip may fail to import in IDLE for several reasons:
- The module was installed in a different Python environment or version.
- pip and IDLE are using different Python interpreters.
- The module installation was incomplete or failed.
- The module is not available in the current virtual environment.
- The module name is misspelled during import.
Verifying the Python version and environment used by both pip and IDLE usually helps resolve the issue.
5. What is os.walk() function in Python?
The os.walk() function in Python is used to traverse a directory tree recursively. It generates the names of directories, subdirectories, and files within a specified directory, making it useful for file searching, directory processing, and file management tasks.
6. How is staticmethod different from classmethod?
A staticmethod does not receive any special first argument such as self or cls and behaves like a regular function inside a class. It cannot access or modify class or instance attributes directly.
A classmethod receives the class itself as the first argument, conventionally named cls. It can access and modify class-level attributes and methods and is often used for alternative constructors and class-specific operations.
7. What is the use of the PYTHONSTARTUP environment variable in the Python program?
The PYTHONSTARTUP environment variable specifies the path to a Python script that is automatically executed when the Python interpreter starts in interactive mode. It is commonly used to preload modules, define helper functions, customize prompts, and configure the interactive environment.
8. What is the use of the PYTHONCASEOK environment variable in the Python program?
The PYTHONCASEOK environment variable tells Python to ignore case differences when importing modules on case-sensitive operating systems. When enabled, import statements become case-insensitive, allowing modules to be imported regardless of the letter case used in their names.
9. What is PEP 8, and tell me about its importance?
PEP 8 is a document that guides the users with best practices on a Python program. The document was written by Guido van Rossum, Barry Warsaw, and Nick Coghlan in 2001.
With the primary focus on improving the readability and consistency of Python code, Python Enhancement Proposal or PEP is also used for improving the design and style of a program.
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10. What are decorators in Python?
Decorators are functions in Python that modify or extend the behavior of other functions or methods without changing their original code. They are applied using the @decorator_name syntax and are commonly used for logging, authentication, access control, caching, and performance monitoring.
Decorators provide a clean and reusable way to add functionality to existing code.
11. What is the dogpile effect? What would you do to prevent this effect?
The dogpile effect (cache stampede) occurs when multiple requests try to regenerate the same expired cache data at the same time, increasing server load.
It can be prevented using cache locking, staggered expiration times, or background cache refresh so that only one process updates the cache.
12. What is multithreading in Python?
When several programs are running concurrently by invoking multiple threads, the process is called multithreading. The Thread class in Python is a predefined class. It is defined in the threading module.
It is a lightweight process. Several threads refer to the data space with the main thread and share information easily by communicating with each other. Threads can be used for calculating results while the main part of the program is running.
13. What is Python's parameter passing mechanism?
Parameter passing can be done by two methods in Python:
- Pass by reference: Arguments are passed as references to objects. If a mutable object is modified within a function, the changes can be reflected outside the function as well.
- Pass by value: For immutable objects such as integers, strings, and tuples, modifications inside a function do not affect the original object. Instead, a new object is created when changes are made.
14. How good is Python for data analysis?
Python is very good for data analysis. Processes like data mining, data processing, and data visualization are done easily with the help of Python.
15. Tell me about the use of frozenset in Python?
A frozenset is an immutable version of a set in Python. Once created, its elements cannot be added, removed, or modified.
frozenset is useful when you need a fixed collection of unique elements that should not change during program execution. It can also be used as a dictionary key or as an element of another set because it is hashable.
16. What are the differences between Python 2 and Python 3?
| Python 2 | Python 3 |
| print is a statement (print "Hello") | print() is a function (print("Hello")) |
| xrange() is used for memory-efficient iteration | range() provides memory-efficient iteration |
| Strings are ASCII by default | Strings are Unicode by default |
| Integer division returns an integer (5/2 = 2) | Division returns a float (5/2 = 2.5) |
| Support ended in 2020 | Actively maintained and recommended |
| Less modern features and improvements | Includes new features, better performance, and enhanced libraries |
Python 3 is the latest version and is preferred for all new development projects.
17. What is the execution time for the else part of a try-except block?
The else block of a try-except statement executes only when no exception occurs in the try block. If an exception is raised and handled by the except block, the else block is skipped.
18. Is it possible to call the parent class without its instance creation?
Yes, it is possible by creating an object of the child class and calling the function of the parent class in the Python program with the help of the dot operator.
19. What are Python namespaces? Why are they used?
A namespace in Python is a container that holds the names of variables, functions, classes, and other objects. It maps names to objects and helps Python identify them uniquely.
Namespaces are used to avoid naming conflicts and organize code by keeping identifiers in separate scopes, such as local, global, and built-in namespaces.
20. How will you combine DataFrames in Pandas?
DataFrames in Pandas can be combined using the following methods:
- Concatenation (Vertical): Stacks two or more DataFrames row-wise using concat().
- Concatenation (Horizontal): Stacks DataFrames column-wise using concat() with axis=1.
- Joining/Merging: Combines DataFrames based on a common column or index using merge() or join().
These methods help combine and organize data from multiple DataFrames efficiently.
Must Read: Python Syllabus (Curriculum): Full Course Outline
21. What is memoization in Python?
Memoization is an optimization technique used to improve program performance by storing the results of expensive function calls and reusing them when the same inputs occur again.
It reduces repeated computations, speeds up execution, and is commonly used in recursive functions and dynamic programming problems. Python provides memoization through tools such as functools.lru_cache.
22. What is the difference between multiprocessing and multithreading in Python?
| Feature | Multiprocessing | Multithreading |
| Execution | Uses multiple processes | Uses multiple threads within a process |
| Memory | Each process has its own memory space | Threads share the same memory space |
| Performance | Better for CPU-bound tasks | Better for I/O-bound tasks |
| GIL Impact | Not affected by the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) | Affected by the GIL in CPython |
| Communication | Requires inter-process communication (IPC) | Threads communicate through shared memory |
| Overhead | Higher due to process creation | Lower due to thread creation |
Multiprocessing is preferred for CPU-intensive tasks, while multithreading is commonly used for tasks involving waiting for input/output operations such as file handling, networking, and database access.
23. What are generators in Python, and why are they used?
Generators are special functions in Python that produce values one at a time using the yield keyword instead of returning all values at once.
They are used to save memory and improve performance when working with large datasets or sequences because values are generated only when needed rather than being stored entirely in memory.
Python OOPS Interview Questions
Python is an object-oriented programming language that helps developers write clean and reusable code. The following Python OOPs interview questions are commonly asked in interviews and will help you strengthen your understanding of OOP concepts in Python.
1. How is OOPS used in Python?
Python uses Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) through classes and objects. OOP allows developers to organize code into reusable components and implement concepts such as inheritance, polymorphism, encapsulation, and abstraction.
This approach makes programs easier to develop, maintain, and scale.
2. What is encapsulation in Python?
It is a concept in OOP that is used to wrap data and the methods that work on data within a single unit. This helps a Python program to restrict the variable that is used to prevent unnecessary modifications and changes to the data.
With encapsulation, the data can be changed by the method of the object. These methods are called private variables. A class is a good example of encapsulation in Python as it is used to encapsulate the data like variables and member functions.
3. What is inheritance in Python?
It is the capability of one class in the program that is used to inherit the properties from another class. The class that derives properties is called the child class or derived class, and the class from which the properties are derived is known as the parent class or base class.
4. Tell me about the types of inheritance.
Inheritance in Python allows a class to acquire the properties and methods of another class. The main types of inheritance are:
- Single Inheritance – A child class inherits from one parent class.
- Multiple Inheritance – A child class inherits from more than one parent class.
- Multilevel Inheritance – A class inherits from a child class, forming a chain of inheritance.
- Hierarchical Inheritance – Multiple child classes inherit from the same parent class.
- Hybrid Inheritance – A combination of two or more types of inheritance.
5. What are the advantages of using inheritance in Python?
Here are some of the key advantages of using inheritance in a Python code:
- It provides the reusability of the code.
- It is used for showing real-time relationships.
- It allows additional features to a class in the code without any modification.
- It is transitive in nature.
6. What is data abstraction in Python?
Data abstraction is used for hiding the actual implementation of the Python program, and it is done by showing only the functionalities.
If a class has one abstract function, it is called an abstract class. Once the module is imported from the ABC (Abstraction Base Class) module, abstract methods can be created in a Python program.
7. What is polymorphism in Python?
Polymorphism is an OOP concept in Python that allows the same method, function, or operator to behave differently for different objects. It enables a single interface to work with multiple data types and classes.
Polymorphism improves code flexibility, reusability, and maintainability by allowing different objects to be treated in a similar way.
8. What is method overloading in Python?
Method overloading is the ability to define multiple methods with the same name but different parameters. Unlike some other programming languages, Python does not support traditional method overloading.
In Python, similar behavior can be achieved using default arguments, variable-length arguments (*args, **kwargs), or conditional logic inside a single method.
9. What is the difference between instance variables and class variables in Python?
| Feature | Multiprocessing | Multithreading |
| Execution | Uses multiple processes | Uses multiple threads within a process |
| Memory | Each process has its own memory space | Threads share the same memory space |
| Performance | Better for CPU-bound tasks | Better for I/O-bound tasks |
| GIL Impact | Not affected by the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) | Affected by the GIL in CPython |
| Communication | Requires inter-process communication (IPC) | Threads communicate through shared memory |
| Overhead | Higher due to process creation | Lower due to thread creation |
10. What is the difference between abstraction and encapsulation in Python?
| Feature | Multiprocessing | Multithreading |
| Execution | Uses multiple processes | Uses multiple threads within a process |
| Memory | Each process has its own memory space | Threads share the same memory space |
| Performance | Better for CPU-bound tasks | Better for I/O-bound tasks |
| GIL Impact | Not affected by the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) | Affected by the GIL in CPython |
| Communication | Requires inter-process communication (IPC) | Threads communicate through shared memory |
| Overhead | Higher due to process creation | Lower due to thread creation |
11. What is the use of the super() function in Python?
The super() function is used to access methods and attributes of a parent class from a child class. It is commonly used in inheritance to call the parent class constructor or methods without explicitly referring to the parent class name.
Using super() promotes code reuse and makes inheritance easier to maintain.
Suggested Reading: Best Python Books For Beginners and Experts
Python Code Interview Questions With Basic Programs & Examples You Must Practice
Along with theory, practical coding knowledge plays a crucial role in technical interviews. The following Python coding interview questions in the form of programming challenges will help you test your problem-solving abilities, coding logic, and understanding of core Python concepts.
Practicing these programs will strengthen your coding skills and improve your confidence during technical rounds. These are some of the most commonly asked Python coding questions that can help you prepare effectively for Python developer interviews.
- Python code for printing HelloWorld
- Python code to add two numbers
- Python code to find factorial of a number
- Python code to reverse a string
- Python code for building a simple calculator
- Python code to check prime number
- Python code for Fibonacci series
- Python pattern programs
- Python Program for Compound Interest
- Python Odd and Even Program
Average Python Developer Salary
Python developers are among the most sought-after professionals in the software industry. Their salaries vary based on factors such as experience, skills, location, industry, company size, and expertise in technologies like web development, data science, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and cloud computing.
Average Python Developer Salary by Experience
| Experience Level | Average Annual Salary Range (India) |
| Fresher (0–1 Year) | ₹3 LPA – ₹6 LPA |
| Junior Developer (1–3 Years) | ₹4 LPA – ₹8 LPA |
| Mid-Level Developer (3–5 Years) | ₹8 LPA – ₹15 LPA |
| Senior Developer (5–8 Years) | ₹15 LPA – ₹25 LPA |
| Lead/Architect (8+ Years) | ₹25 LPA – ₹50+ LPA |
Average Python Developer Salary by Country
| Country | Average Annual Salary Range |
| India | ₹6 LPA – ₹15 LPA |
| United States | $90,000 – $150,000 |
| Canada | CAD 70,000 – CAD 120,000 |
| United Kingdom | £40,000 – £80,000 |
| Australia | AUD 80,000 – AUD 140,000 |
| Germany | €50,000 – €90,000 |
Highest-Paying Python Career Paths
- Machine Learning Engineer
- Data Scientist
- AI Engineer
- Backend Developer
- Cloud Engineer
- DevOps Engineer
- Data Engineer
- Software Architect
These roles often require advanced Python skills and experience with modern development tools and frameworks.
Skills That Can Increase Your Python Salary
- Django and Flask
- FastAPI
- Machine Learning and AI
- Data Science and Analytics
- Cloud Platforms (AWS, Azure, GCP)
- Docker and Kubernetes
- REST APIs and Microservices
- Database Management (PostgreSQL, MySQL, MongoDB)
- System Design
- DevOps and CI/CD
Recommended Professional Certificates
Full Stack Development Course with AI Engineering
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Which Companies Are Hiring Python Developers in India?
Here are some of the top companies in India that are hiring Python developers. You can work with them as a fresher or as an experienced candidate and take your career to the next level.
- TCS
- Tech Mahindra
- Wipro
- HCL
- Infosys
- HP
- Mahiti Infotech
- Cognizant Technology Solutions
- Gale Technologies
Big international brands like Dropbox, McAfee, Instagram, Nokia, Dell, Uber, Netflix, Spotify, Google, Pinterest, etc., also use Python language or framework in development. They also hire Indian talent as per their experience.
India’s Best Python Course Online With Certificate & Placement
Python is one of the most popular programming languages used in web development, automation, data science, and AI. WsCube Tech's Online Python Course offers expert-led training, practical projects, and hands-on learning to help you master Python and build real-world development skills.
The course includes placement assistance, real-world assignments, and an industry-recognized certificate. Whether you are a beginner or a working professional, this course helps you build job-ready Python skills and advance your career.
FAQs About Python Interview Questions
Python development is a very good career option anywhere in the world, including in India. You can get a great package with a strong command of the language.
Python skills can help you pursue various career opportunities, including:
- Data Analyst
- Software Engineer
- Web Developer
- Python Developer
- Data Scientist
- Machine Learning Engineer
- Automation Engineer
- Quality Assurance Engineer
These roles are available across industries such as technology, finance, healthcare, education, and e-commerce.
You can learn Python programming in Hindi with WsCube Tech's Online Python Course. The course includes expert-led training, hands-on projects, practical assignments, an industry-recognized certificate, and placement assistance to help you build strong Python skills and prepare for a successful career in software development.
Python is popular because of its simple syntax, extensive libraries, cross-platform compatibility, and versatility. It is widely used in web development, automation, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and data science.
You can enroll in WsCube Tech's Online Python Course and improve your skills by practicing Python programs and real-world projects regularly.
You should also learn popular Python frameworks and libraries. Building strong programming fundamentals and hands-on experience is the first step toward becoming a successful Python developer.
The starting salary of a Python developer in India typically ranges from ₹4 LPA to ₹6 LPA. Salaries vary depending on skills, location, company, and project experience.
A Python developer in TCS can make up to 20 lakhs per annum with experience. The salary for freshers in Tata Consultancy Services ranges from INR 3 to 8 LPA. It offers 5% more salary than the average salary of Python developers in India.
The average salary of a Python programmer at Google is 15 Lakhs per annum. A Python developer at Google makes around INR 5 to 30 LPA in Google India.
Bangalore is the hub for the IT sector, and the demand is at its maximum in the city. A Python developer earns INR 5 to 15 LPA in Bangalore.
Some commonly asked Python interview questions for freshers include:
- What is Python?
- What are the different data types in Python?
- What is a list in Python?
- What is the difference between a list and a tuple?
- What is a dictionary in Python?
- What is a function in Python?
- What are Python modules and packages?
- What is exception handling in Python?
- What is object-oriented programming (OOP) in Python?
- How do you reverse a list in Python?
These questions help assess a candidate's understanding of Python fundamentals and basic programming concepts.
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